Oxazoline Polymer Compositions and Use Thereof

ABSTRACT

Compositions comprising an oxazoline polymer and optional linkers to carry a variety of molecules.

FIELD

The present invention concerns the use of an end-functionalizedpolyoxazoline polymer comprising, for example, a poly (unsubstitutedoxazoline), a poly (substituted oxazoline) polymer or a combinationthereof, wherein said polymer can be a linear, branched, randomlybranched or dendritically branched polymer. The reactive chain ends ofthe polyoxazoline polymer, for example, poly (2-methyloxazoline) (PMOX),poly (2-ethyoxazoline) (PEOX), poly (2-propyloxazoline) (PPOX) and poly(2-butyloxazoline) (PBOX), can comprise a small molecule comprisingmultifunctional, unprotected amino groups or imino groups. Such anend-functionalized polymer then can be linked to or associated with abioactive material through an additional linker molecule either directlyor indirectly, or by physically mixing the polymer and bioactivematerial bringing the two into association. Alternatively, the initiatorportion of said polymer also can be linked with said bioactive material.The resulting composition can be employed in agriculture, environmentalstudies, diagnostics, drug monitoring, drug target screening, drug leadoptimization and therapeutics, for example.

BACKGROUND Polyoxazoline Polymers

Polyoxazoline (POX) polymers have been used in cosmetic and foodpackaging applications. Due to good water solubility, POX also has beenconsidered a candidate to replace polyethyleneglycol (PEG) for differentbiomedical-related applications (Adams, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews59 (2007) 1504-1520 and Mero, Journal of Controlled Release 125 (2008)87-95).

POX polymers comprising, for example, poly (unsubstituted oxazoline) orpoly (substituted oxazoline), can be produced by cationic ring openingpolymerization. Commonly used water-soluble polymers are PMOX and PEOX.Under living polymerization conditions (e.g., conditions including fastinitiation, slow propagation and the lack of chain termination andtransfer reactions), a well defined, linear PMOX and PEOX can beproduced (Tomalia et al., Macromol. 1991, 24, 1435. Kobayashi, J. Polym.Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.: Vol. 40 (2002)); while under other synthesisconditions, branched or randomly branched PMOX and PEOX polymers can begenerated (Litt, Macromol. Sci. Chem. A9(5), 703-727 (1975) and Yin,U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,500).

Under both types of reaction conditions, an electrophilic (e.g.,cationic) chain end can be generated and further reacted with anucleophilic group or a molecule containing a nucleophilic group so thatthe polymerization reaction can be terminated. Most known methods forterminating such a reactive chain end use a monofunctional nucleophilicgroup, such as those consisting of a single imino (—NH—) group, forexample, a morpholine or a protected piperazine (Tomalia, U.S. Pat. No.5,773,527 and Zhang et. al., Macromol., 2009, 42 (6) 2215-2221). That istrue for the termination of linear POX polymers, such as a living linearPMOX or PEOX, where a defined chain end can be generated.

The termination of a reactive POX polymer with a polyfunctional polymerto generate star, comb, Starburst or Combburst polymers is described,for example, in Tomalia, U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,527.

However, use of a multifunctional small molecule without any protectinggroups to terminate a reactive POX to generate a functional polymer withonly one polymer per terminating molecule is not a preferable or adesired way to make a functionalized POX. That approach tends to producemore dimeric and multimeric POX blocks, such as, star-branched andcomb-branched polymers.

Symmetrically Branched (SB) Polymers (SBP) and Asymmetrically Branched(AB) Polymers (ABP)

In recent years, dendritic polymers, including Starburst dendrimers (orDense Star polymers) and Combburst dendrigrafts (or hyper comb-branchedpolymers), have been developed for a variety of applications (“DendriticMolecules” ed. by Newkome et al., VCH, Weinheim, 1996 and “Dendrimersand Other Dendritic Polymers” ed. by Frechet & Tomalia, John Wiley &Sons, Ltd., 2001). Those polymers exhibit: (a) a well-defined coremolecule, (b) at least two concentric dendritic layers (generations)with symmetrical (equal) branch junctures and (c) exterior surfacegroups, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,435,548; 4,507,466; 4,568,737;4,587,329; 5,338,532; 5,527,524; and 5,714,166, and the references citedtherein.

SB dendrimers also are distinctively different from the previouslyprepared AB dendrimers (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,872; 4,360,646; and4,410,688 of Denkewalter) which possess asymmetrical (unequal) branchjunctures.

Both types of dendrimers can be produced by repetitive protecting anddeprotecting procedures through either a divergent or a convergentsynthetic approach. Since SB and AB dendrimers utilize small moleculesas building blocks for the core and the branches, the molecular weightsof such dendrimers often are precisely defined. In the case of lowergeneration molecules, a single molecular weight dendrimer often isobtained.

Similar to dendrimers, Combburst dendrigrafts also are constructed witha core and concentric layers with symmetrical branches through astepwise synthetic method. In contrast to dendrimers, Combburstdendrigrafts or polymers are generated with monodisperse linearpolymeric building blocks (Tomalia, U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,527 and Yin,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,631,329 and 5,919,442). Moreover, the branch patternalso is different from that of dendrimers. For example, Combburstdendrigrafts form branch junctures along the polymeric backbones (chainbranches) while Starburst dendrimers often branch at the termini(terminal branches). Due to the utilization of living polymerizationtechniques, the molecular weight distribution (M_(w)/M_(n)) of suchpolymeric building blocks (core and branches) often is narrow. As aresult, Combburst dendrigrafts, produced through a graft-on-graftprocess, are rather well defined with an M_(w)/M_(n) often less than1.2.

Although possessing well controlled molecular architecture, such as,well defined size, shape and surface functional groups, both dendrimersand dendrigrafts can be produced only through a large number ofreiteration steps, making such useful only for academic pursuits ratherthan large scale commercial applications.

Dendrimers and dendrigrafts can serve as carriers for bioactivemolecules, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,338,532; 5,527,524; and5,714,166 of Tomalia for dense star polymers and U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,442of Yin for hyper comb-branched polymers. The surface functional groupsand interior void spaces of those molecules have been suggested as abasis for the carrier property, for example, due to the well-controlled,symmetrical dendritic architecture with predictable branching patterns(either symmetrical termini or polymeric chain branching) and molecularweight.

The preparation of regular (reg) asymmetrically branched polymer(reg-ABP) made of polylysine has been described, as illustrated in U.S.Pat. Nos. 4,289,872; 4,360,646; and 4,410,688.

The synthesis and mechanisms of random (ran) asymmetrically branchedpolymers (ran-ABP), such as, made of polyethyleneimine (PEI), have beendescribed (see Jones et al., J. Org. Chem. 9, 125 (1944), Jones et al.,J. Org. Chem. 30, 1994 (1965) and Dick et al., J. Macromol. Sci. Chem.,A4 (6), 1301-1314, (1970)).

The synthesis and characterization of ran-ABP, such as made of POX, forexample, PMOX or PEOX, have been described by Litt (J. Macromol. Sci.Chem. A9(5), pp. 703-727 (1975)) and Warakomski (J. Polym. Sci. Polym.Chem. 28, 3551 (1990)).

Randomly branched PEOX has been utilized to physically encapsulateprotein molecules (U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,450). However, such an approachwas not designed for the direct, covalent linking of ABP with bioactivematerials for bioassays and drug delivery applications.

Polymer-Bioactive Material (BM) Compositions

Polymer-bioactive material (BM) compositions, such as, PEG orpolyethyleneoxide (PEO)-drug compositions, including directly orindirectly linked conjugates, or physical mixtures of PEG/PEO and drugare known. Although less extensively studied, POX-drug compositions alsohave been reported, including a linear polymer drug composition, such asthose described in Mero et al. in J. Contr. Rel. 125 (2008) 87-95 andViegas et al., Bioconj. Chem. 2011, 22, 976-986, as well as dendriticpolymer drug compositions, such as those described by Yin in U.S. Pat.No. 5,919,442.

Special protective chemistries were used during the termination step(Hsiue, Bioconj. Chem. 2006, 17, 781-786, U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,141, U.S.Pub. No. 2011/0123453 and Zhang, et al., Macromol. 2009, 42 (6)2215-2221). However, none of those approaches utilized an unprotected,multifunctional small terminating molecule for the in situfunctionalization of linear POX polymers, which can significantly reduceproduction costs.

Assays and Microarrays

Since completion of the human genome project, it has become evident thatelucidation of biological pathways and mechanisms at the protein levelcan be as important as studies at the genetic level because the formeris more closely associated with disease and disease states, as well asthe treatment thereof. With that strong demand, a new forum calledproteomics developed and that art is a major focus of industrial andacademic pursuits.

Currently, three major research areas of proteomics studies include drugdiscovery, high throughput screening and validation of new proteintargets and drug leads. Tools include two dimensional (2-D) gelelectrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and more recently, proteinmicroarrays. In contrast to the lengthy 2-D gel procedures and tedioussample preparation (primarily separations) involved in mass spectrometryanalysis, protein microarrays provide a quick, generally simple and lowcost method to screen large amounts of proteins and the functionsthereof. Therefore, microarrays are developing as desirable tools inproteomics.

However, protein-based microarray technology is far less developed thanis gene microarray technology. The construction of a protein/antibodychip presents daunting challenges not encountered in the development ofclassical immunoassays or of DNA chips. For example, proteins are moresensitive to the environment than are nucleic acids. The hydrophobicityof many membrane, glass and plastic surfaces can cause proteindenaturation destroying the structure and/or function thereof therebyrendering a protein reagent structurally and/or functionally inactive,which can result in lower assay sensitivity and higher signal-to-noiseratios. In other words, to construct a protein microarray, at leastthree issues must be addressed, protein denaturation, proteinimmobilization and protein orientation.

For example, a protein molecule often folds into a three-dimensional(3-D) structure in solution for and to maintain biological activity. Oninteraction with different solid surfaces, for example, duringimmobilization of proteins onto membranes, glass slides ormicro/nanoparticles, the 3-D structure of the protein molecule oftencollapses thereby often destroying biological activity or at leastfunctional structures. In addition, proteins often do not have theability to adhere onto different surfaces.

To immobilize a protein on a surface, direct covalent linking reactionsor electrostatic interactions (physical adsorption) often are employed.But, heterogeneous chemical reactions often are incomplete yieldingundesired side products (i.e. incomplete modification of surfaces) andin some cases, also partially denatured proteins during differentreaction stages.

Electrostatic interaction relies heavily on the isoelectric points ofthe proteins, as well as the pH of the buffer solutions.

Both approaches tend to yield irreproducible results due to thecomplexity of those procedures. Lot-to-lot reproducibility is,therefore, very poor.

As a result, there is interest in modifying solid substrates, but notthe protein molecule, to obtain surfaces carrying biologically activeprotein. A variety of polymers, including PEI polymers, have beenutilized as coating materials to alter the characteristics of solidsurfaces for the construction of protein arrays, Wagner et al., U.S.Pat. No. 6,406,921.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to terminating areactive end of a polyoxazoline (POX) polymer with an excess of amulti-functional small molecule with an unprotected amino or imino groupso that a one-to-one adduct (one polymer per terminating molecule) canbe formed. For example, a POX polymer can comprise the followingconfiguration: Initiator (I_(n))-POX (P)-End Group (E_(m)), where m andn each is ≧1. On purification, for example, solvent precipitation and/ordialysis, the purified amino-end functionalized (—NH₂) or imino-endfunctionalized (—NH—) POX can be further linked to a pharmaceuticallyactive agent (PAA) through additional linkers to form a covalentlylinked composition for diagnostic and/or therapeutic uses.

Suitable linker molecules include carbodiimidazole (CDI) or a partialCDI-functionalized molecule (e.g., a reaction product between a CDI andan OH-functionalized molecule or a bioactive material (BM)), glycidol,succinic anhydride, acrylic ester, amidoamine, linear or branchedpolyamidoamine, acrylamide or an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-containingheterofunctional molecule to produce a POX-BM composition or a POXpolymer with different functional groups, such as, —OH, —COOH, —COONa,ester, amide, maleimide or —SH that can be linked with a BM. In otherwords, a BM can be linked to the functionalized POX polymers eitherdirectly or indirectly through the functional groups.

In another aspect, in embodiments, a biological material, a bioactivematerial, a pharmaceutically active agent and the like can be complexedwith the polymer of interest without a formal reaction resulting in acovalent bond, instead mere mixing of the polymer with the a biologicalmaterial, a bioactive material, a pharmaceutically active agent and thelike results in a physical relationship between same and a polymer ofinterest such that the two entities demonstrate a coordinated presence.Hence, such a composition without a covalent bond of a biologicalmaterial, a bioactive material, a pharmaceutically active agent and thelike and a polymer of interest has the same properties and functions asother compositions of interest.

In another aspect of the invention, the initiator moiety (I)incorporated into POX polymers may include various functional/protectedfunctional groups. On reaction/deprotection, a second functional groupat the initiator end, particularly with a different functionality asthat of the end group previously functionalized, can be formed at theinitiator end, which can be used for the attachment of an additional BMon the same polymer. For example, in addition to the BM already attachedto a POX at the reactive chain end, an additional BM also can beattached to the same polymer at the initiator end, if the POX utilizedis linear. If the POX is branched, multiple BM molecules can be attachedto the same polymer at the multiple initiator ends. In addition, due tothe stepwise reaction approach, not only the same but different BMmolecules can be attached to the same POX polymer at the initiator andreactive chain ends. Such a differentiated POX can be useful in linkingdifferent kinds of BM molecules, and at varying ratios.

Accordingly, various other functional groups can be introduced at theinitiator end of the POX polymer in addition to at the terminator end.The functional groups include, but are not limited to, ethylbromoacetate, methyl bromoacetate, tert-butyl bromoacetate, propylbromoacetate, benzyl bromoacetate, sulfur-containing compounds, such as,2-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)ethyl disulfide (TOEDS), (chloromethyl) methyldisulfide, bis(iodomethyl)methyl disulfide and 2-bromoethyl disulfide,silicon-containing compounds, such as, (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane,(3-bromopropyl)trimethoxysilane and (3-iodopropyl)trimethoxysilane andprotected groups for amines or imines, such as, those comprising acarboxybenzyl group, a p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl group, atert-butyloxycarbonyl group and a 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC)group; and so on.

For example, TOEDS, a difunctional initiator, can be utilized toinitiate the polymerization of oxazoline monomers at both ends. Ontermination, for example, with a large excess of ethylene diamine (EDA),a POX polymer with amino and imino functional groups at both chain endscan be produced. The chain ends further can be linked with any of aplurality of bioactive materials, such as, small molecule drugs, suchas, gemcitabine, camptothecin, paclitaxel and so on, either directly orindirectly through covalent linkages. When the reagents comprise adisulfide bond, addition of a reducing agent, such as, dithiothreitol(DTT), can cleave that bond to generate a sulfhydryl-functionalized POXpolymer-bioactive material composition. The sulfhydryl group then can belinked, for example, with a maleimide-functionalized targeting molecule,such as, peptide, protein, such as, antibody, sialic acid, one member ofa binding pair and so on to provide a differentiated POX polymercomposition with one end linked with any of a plurality of bioactivematerials, such as, small molecule drugs, and the other end linked withat least a targeting molecule, such as, peptide, protein, such as,antibody, sialic acid and so on. Various differentiated POXcompositions, including, but not limited to, biologically activemolecules to generate, such as, BAM-POX-PAA, BAM₁-POX-BAM₂,PAA₁-POX-PAA₂ and so on are contemplated. BAM₁ and BAM₂ representdifferent biologically active materials, while PAA₁ and PAA₂ indicatedifferent pharmaceutically active agents. In addition to different BAM,PAA and binding pairs that can be attached to the same POX polymer,different ratios of each of a BAM, PAA and binding pair also can belinked to the same polymer.

In some embodiments, a functionalized polyoxazoline polymer is provided,wherein said polymer comprises the formula: I_(n)-P-L-M-B, wherein I isan initiator, n≧1, P is a polyoxazoline polymer, L is a first linkercomprising at least two amine groups, at least two imino (—NH—) groupsor at least an amino group and an imino group, wherein said first linkeris attached to said polymer by one of said at least two amine groups, atleast two imino (—NH—) groups or at least an amino group and an iminogroup, M is a second linker and B is a bioactive material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The following description of the figures and the respective drawings arenon-limiting examples that depict various embodiments that exemplify thepresent invention.

FIG. 1 depicts a poly(2-ethyloxazoline) (EOx, also, EOX) (PEOX or PEOx)polymer produced through a cationic ring-opening polymerization process.The initiator, I, can comprise different functional groups, such as, analkyl, an aryl, an ester, an amide, a sulfur-containing group, asilica-containing group, a protected amine, a protected imine and so on.n is the number of repeat units in the polymer which is dictated byreaction conditions and as a design choice.

FIG. 2 depicts termination of a reactive poly (2-ethyloxazoline) polymerchain end with an excess of various small molecules withmultifunctional, unprotected amino or imino groups.

FIG. 3 depicts reaction of amino-terminated or imino-terminated poly(2-ethyloxazoline) with additional linker groups, including glycidol(G), succinic anhydride (SA) or an imidazole-drug ester.

FIG. 4 depicts an example for the synthesis of a poly (2-ethyloxazoline)and camptothecin composition.

FIG. 5 depicts an example for the synthesis of a poly (2-ethyloxazoline)and gemcitabine composition.

FIG. 6 depicts the synthesis of a modified poly (2-ethyloxazoline)polymer prior to linking with a bioactive material. MA is methacrylate.EDA is ethylenediamine. PEOx is PEOX.

FIG. 7 depicts the synthesis of a PEOX-gemcitabine composition with anS-S linkage within the PEOX polymer. The initiator is cleavable.ClSO₂PhCH₃ is p-toluenesulfonyl chloride. NHS is N-hydroxysuccinimide.DCC is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. In the second reaction step, EOX isadded. In the fourth reaction step, SA is added.

FIG. 8 depicts the synthesis of an antibody(IgG)-gemcitabine compositionthrough a PEOX polymer linker. DTT is dithiothreitol. MAL is maleimide.PEG is polyethyleneglycol.

FIG. 9 depicts comparative data on cancer cell killing rates betweenPEOX-camptothecin and Irinotecan (CPT11), a semisynthetic analog ofcamptothecin, using MCF-7, a breast cancer cell line.

FIG. 10 depicts comparative data on cancer cell killing rates betweenPEOX-camptothecin and Irinotecan (CPT11) using H460, a lung cancer cellline.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, an, “alkyl group”, comprises aliphatic compounds, whichcan be linear or branched chains, can comprise one or more non-aromaticrings and so on. The alkyl can comprise one or more saturated bonds orcan be unsaturated. Also, the alkyl can comprise one or more pendantgroups, functional groups, modifications and the like, which can includeother elements, such as, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, iodine, bromine orchlorine, or can contain a polar group, such as hydroxyl or amine or anon-polar group, such as, a hydrocarbon, such as, an aliphatic group oran aromatic group, which also can be substituted.

As used herein, an, “aryl group,” comprises a hydrocarbon withalternating double and single bonds between carbons, that is, anaromatic structure. An aryl can comprise multiple aromatic rings, whichmay be fused or joined, and which can be substituted. An aryl also cancomprise a heterocyclic compound, such as, an unsubstituted and asubstituted furan or pyridine.

As used herein, an, “ester,” is a chemical compound derived by reactingan oxoacid, such as, a carboxyl acid, with a hydroxyl compound, such as,an alcohol or phenol. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acidor organic acid in which at least one —OH (hydroxyl) group is replacedby an —O-alkyl (alkoxy) group, and most commonly from carboxylic acidsand alcohols. That is, esters are formed by condensing an acid with analcohol.

As used herein, an, “amide,” is an organic compound that contains thefunctional group consisting of a carbonyl group (R—C═O) linked to anitrogen atom (N).

As used herein, a, “sulfur-containing compound,” is one which containsone or more reactive sulfur atoms. The compound can be2-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)ethyl disulfide (TOEDS), (chloromethyl) methyldisulfide or bis(iodomethyl)methyl disulfide, 2-bromoethyl disulfide,for example.

As used herein, a, “silica-containing compound,” is one containing atleast one silicon atom. The compound can be(3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane, (3-bromopropyl)trimethoxysilane or(3-iodopropyl)trimethoxysilane, for example.

As used herein, “protective groups for an amine or an imine,” or a,“protected amine or protect imine,” is an amine or imine which comprisesa carboxybenzyl group, a p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl group, atert-butyloxycarbonyl group, a 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC) groupand so on.

Herein, B, BM and BAM can be used as synonyms and can be usedinterchangeably. A B can comprise a PAA.

As known, a polymer comprises a number of component monomers which maybe the same or different. As known, the molecular formula of a polymercan be denoted by naming the one or more monomers and with a subscriptindicating the number of that monomer in the polymer. As used herein,“n,” is not meant to relate to any particular sized polymer. Instead, nis meant to indicate a polymer and the value of n is a design choice,based, for example, on the intended use.

Binding Pairs

A member of a binding pair can include, for example, an antibody or anantigen-binding portion thereof, an antigen, anavidin/streptavidin/neutravidin, anti-streptavidin, a biotin, adinitrophenol (DNP), an anti-DNP antibody, a digoxin, an anti-digoxinantibody, a digoxigenin, an anti-digoxigenin antibody, a hapten, ananti-hapten antibody, a polysaccharide, a polysaccharide binding moiety,such as a lectin, a receptor, a fluorescein, an anti-fluoresceinantibody, a complementary DNA, an RNA, an antibody and an F_(e) receptorand so on that are complementary and bind each other or one binds theother.

Pharmaceutically Active Agents (PAA)-Small and Large Molecule Drugs

Small molecule drugs are defined as those with a molecular weight thatcan be less than about 1,000 Da, while large molecule drugs are largersized and also can comprise biologicals or are derived from a biologicalmolecule. For example, a large molecule drug can include a naturalbiopolymer, such as, a polypeptide (e.g., a protein), a nucleic acid(e.g., DNA or RNA), a polysaccharide, a lipid and so on, as well ascombinations thereof, such as, a glycolipid, a glycoprotein, alipoprotein and so on, and can include synthetic biopolymers, such as,an aptamer, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and so on.

Examples of pharmaceutically active agents (PAA), such as, drugs,include, but are not limited to, chlormethine, chlorambucil, busulfan,thiotepa, cyclophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, meclilorethamine,melphalan, uramustine, lonuistine, streptozotocin, dacarbazine,procarbazine, temozolainide, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin,satraplatin, (SP-4-3)-(cis)-aminedichloro-[2-methylpyridine]-platinum(II), methotrexate, permetrexed, raltitrexed, trimetrexate,camptothecin, camptothecin derivatives (such as, irinotecan, topotecanetc.), cladribine, chlorodeoxyadenosine, clofarabine, fludarabine,mercaptopurine, pentostatin, thioguanine, azacitidine, capecitabine,cytarabine, edatrexate, floxuridine, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine,troxacitabine, bleomycin, dactinomycin, adriamycin, actinomycin,mithramycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, porfiromycin, daunorubicin,doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, valrubicin,phenesterine, tamoxifen, piposulfancamptothesin, paclitaxel, docetaxel,taxotere, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, amsacrine,etoposide, teniposide, fluoxymesterone, testolactone, bicalutamide,cyproterone, flutamide, nilutamide, aminoglutethimide, anastrozole,exemestane, formestane, letrozole, dexamethasone, prednisone,diethylstilbestrol, fulvestrant, raloxifene, toremifene, buserelin,goserelin, leuprolide, triptorelin, medroxyprogesterone acetate,megestrol acetate, levothyroxine, liothyronine, altretamine, arsenictrioxide, gallium nitrate, hydroxyurea, levamisole, mitotane,octreotide, procarbazine, suramin, thalidomide, methoxsalen, sodiumporfimer, bortezomib, erlotinib hydrochloride, gefitinib, imatinibmesylate, semaxanib, adapalene, bexarotene, trans-retinoic acid,9-cis-retinoic acid, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, tiuxetan,ozogamicin, glargine and so on, as well as derivatives thereof.

Large molecule drugs include, for example, proteins, such as, enzymes,such as, L-asparaginase, antibodies and antigen-binding portionsthereof, such as, alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, ibritumomab,rituximab, trastuzumab, gemtuzumab and tositumomab, cytokines, such as,interleukins, interferon α2a, interferon α and granulocyte colonystimulating factor (GCSF), peptide hormones, such as, insulin, glucagon,glucagon like peptide-1, erythropoietin, follicle stimulating hormoneand so on, ligands of cell surface receptors, lectins, nucleic acids,such as siRNA's, ribozymes, antisense nucleic acids, naked nucleic acidsand so on, viruses, virus-like particles and the like. Examples includeEcallantide.

Additional examples include recombinant blood factors, such as, FactorIII, antihemophilic factor, Factor VIII, antithrombin, thrombin, FactorVIIa, Factor IX; tissue plasminogen activator, such as, TNK-tPA,tenecteplase and alteplase, including truncated forms thereof, such as,reteplase, hirudin, protein C and so on; recombinant hormones, such as,insulin, such as, insulin detemir, a long-acting insulin analog, insulinglulisine, a rapid-acting insulin analog and insulin glargine (anotherlong-acting insulin analog); human growth hormone, also known assomatropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, such as, the α subunitthereof, such as, corifollitropin α, glucagon like peptide-1,parathyroid hormone, and truncated forms thereof, such as,terpiparatide, B-type natriuretic peptide, calcitonin, luteinizinghormone, hCG, TSH, glucagon and so on; recombinant growth factors, suchas, erythropoietin, such as, epoetin θ, erythropoietin α and epoetin ζ,long acting analogs thereof, such as, darbepoetin α; colony stimulatingfactors, such as, GM-CSF and G-CSF, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), acomplex of IGF and IGF binding proteins, such as, mecasermin rinfabate,keratinocyte growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and so on;recombinant cytokines, such as, interferons and interleukins, such as,interferon α, IFN-a-2b, interferon β, interferon-β-1B, IFN-β-1a, IL-11,IL-2, IFN-γ1b and so on; recombinant vaccines, such as those forHepatitis B, papillomavirus (HPV), cholera toxin B subunit, OspA, alipoprotein found on the surface of B. burgdorferi), pertussis toxin andso on; monoclonal antibody and antigen-binding portions thereof, made toany antigenic entity as known in the art, such as, denosumab,tocilizurmab, besilesomab, ofatumumab, canakinumab, catumaxomab,golimumab, steknumab, ranibizumab, eculizumab, panitumumab, natalizumab,omalizumab, ibritumonmab, cetuximab, efalizumab, adalimumab,tositumomab, infliximab, palivizumab, daclizumab, votumumab,basiliximab, sulesomab, igovomab, abciximab and so on; other recombinantbiologics, such as, bone morphogenetic proteins, such as, BMP-7 andBMP-2) and so on; recombinant enzymes, such as, α glucosidase,glucocerebrosidase, iduronate-2-sulfatase, N-acetylgalactosidase,4-sulfatase, β-glucocerebrosidase, DNase, hyaluronidase,α-galactosidase, α-L-iduronidase, urate oxidase and so on;oligonucleopeptides; and so on, as well as combinations thereof, suchas, rilonacept (a dimeric fusion protein of the extracellular (EC)domain of the IL-1 receptor and the F_(c) portion of an IL-1 IgG-1),romiplostim (a dimeric fusion protein with each monomer consisting oftwo thrombopoietin receptor-binding domains and the F_(c) region of anIgG-1), Abatacept (an immunoglobulin fused to the EC domain of CTLA-4),alefacept (containing the F_(c) portion of an antibody and a portion ofCFA-3) and so on.

Biologically Active Molecules (BAM)

In addition to binding pairs, certain large molecule drugs and PAA'sdescribed above, some additional examples of a BAM include, but are notlimited to, interleukins, interferons, CD₄ and other CD molecules,including agonists and antagonists thereof, F_(c) receptor,acetylcholine receptor (AChR), T cell receptor, hormone receptors, suchas, an insulin receptor, tumor necrosis factor, granulocyte-macrophagecolony stimulating factor, antibodies and antigen-binding fragmentsthereof, such as, F_(ab) and scAb, phage, phage fragments, sugarscontaining sialic acid residues, cell targeting peptides, DNA fragments,RNA fragments, hormones, such as, insulin and hCG, enzymes, sialic acid,polysaccharides, lectin, porphyrins, nucleotides, viruses, viralfragments and so on, other receptors and the like.

Bioactive Materials (BM)

In the disclosure, bioactive materials comprise binding pairs, a BAM, aPAA, small and large molecule drugs and any other biologically active orrelated molecules.

Polyoxazoline-Bioactive Material Composition

POX-BM compositions of interest can have the following formula:

I_(n)-P-L-M-B,

wherein I is an initiator moiety and n≧1. I can comprise an alkyl, anaryl, an ester, an amide, a sulfur-containing compound, asilica-containing compound, a protected amine or a protected imine;

P is a POX polymer;

L is a linker comprising at least two amine groups, at least two imino(—NH—) groups or at least an amino group and an imino group, whereinsaid first linker is attached to said polymer by one of said at leasttwo amine groups, at least two imino (—NH—) groups or at least an aminogroup and an imino group, in embodiments, said linker can comprise asmall molecule comprising plural amino or imino (—NH—) groups, whereinsaid small molecule can comprise either an entire or a portion ofammonia, ethylenediamine (EDA), piperazine,1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen), tris(2-amino ethyl) amine(tren), 4-(aminomethyl)piperidine, hexamethylenediamine,1,3-diaminopropane, triethylenetetramine,2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine), 1,11-diamino-3,6,9-trioxaundecane,diethylenetriamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, 1,8-diaminooctane and soon; and

M is an additional linker, comprising, for example, a CDI or a partialCDI-functionalized molecule (e.g., an imidazole-PAA ester), glycidol,succinic anhydride, acrylic ester, amidoamine, linear or branchedpolyamidoamine, acrylamide and/or a heterofunctional molecule, with oneend of the heterobifunctional molecule activated with, for example,N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) or an aldehyde functional group, for reactionwith the L linker. The other end of the heterobifunctional moleculecomprises a reactive group to facilitate reaction with the B entity,such as, a —OH, —COOH, —COONa, an ester, an amide, a maleimide or an —SHgroup. Alternatively, B also can be physically mixed with I_(n)-P-L-M toform a polyoxazoline-bioactive material composition without the need fora specific reaction to form a covalent bond between B and the remainderof the composition.

A partial CDI-functionalized molecules comprises a reaction productbetween a CDI and, for example, an OH-functionalized molecule or abioactive material (BM).

B is a bioactive material linked with said polymer through either ahydrolytically stable or an unstable linkage. Alternatively, inembodiments, B may be associated with the remainder of a composition ofinterest in the absence of a formal linkage as described herein. Hence,mere mixing of B with I-P-L-M yields a composition of interest.

Therefore, I, L and M can possess the same or different functionalgroups. When possessing different functional groups, one set of BM's canbe attached at the L end, while a different set of BM's can be linked toan initiator end. For example, one can link a small molecule drug moietyat the L end while an antibody can be attached to the initiator, I,end(s) to form an antibody/drug conjugate (ADC). Alternatively, anantibody can be attached at the L end while the small drug molecule canbe linked to the initiator I end(s) to also form an ADC at the same orat different ratios as the previous method. Other combinations mayinclude linking two different BM molecules or two different PAA's at theI and L ends, respectively.

In addition, the linkers can be tailored to produce eitherhydrolytically stable or unstable chemical linkages so that variousdelivery systems can be generated, depending on the need forcontrollable B release rates. Readily cleavable linkages include, butare not limited to, an anhydride bond, an S—S (sulfur-sulfur bond)linkage, a peptide bond that can be cleaved by an enzyme and so on.

In another aspect of the invention, the POX can be linear, starbranched,combbranched, dendritically branched or a randomly branched polymer.Said branched or dendritic polymers can either be symmetrically orasymmetrically branched.

In another aspect of the invention, the POX can be a poly (unsubstitutedoxazoline) or a poly (substituted oxazoline) polymer. The poly(substituted oxazoline) can be poly (2-methyloxazoline), poly(2-ethyloxazoline), poly (2-propyloxazoline) or poly (2-butyloxazoline).

In another aspect of the invention, the polymer-bioactive materialcomposition can be used for various assay and drug deliveryapplications.

In another aspect of the invention, the differentiated, that is,comprises a heterofunctional group, POX polymers can be used to produceantibody-BM compositions for assays.

In another aspect of the invention, the differentiated/heterofunctionalPOX polymers can be used to produce antibody-PAA compositions fortargeted drug delivery.

Also, polymer associated with multiple units of BM, and each withdifferent properties and activities, can be used, for example, fortargeting or for bridging biological entities, such as, a hormone and areceptor, or two cells. Such compositions may be formulated withacceptable carriers, diluents and additives for use, for example, inbiodetection, diagnostics and therapeutics, as known in the medical,environmental, agricultural and physical sciences.

In another aspect of the invention, the said POX polymer can be modifiedwith at least one monomer capable of forming additional branches at agiven time so that new material properties can be achieved, wherein thesaid modified polymer is defined as a modified POX polymer. A suitablemonomer can be one carrying plural reactive functional groups, which canbe the same or different.

The molecular weight of said polymers can range from about 500 to over5,000,000; from about 500 to about 1,000,000; from about 1,000 to about500,000; from about 2,000 to about 100,000.

In one aspect of the invention, said polymer-BM composition can beutilized, for example, for the rapid detection of target molecules ofinterest, such as, environmental pollutants, chemical and biologicalwarfare agents and so on, as well as for screening for drug targets andleads, and therapeutic drug and therapeutic impact monitoring.

In another aspect of the invention, said polymer-BM composition can beutilized, for example, for the rapid diagnosis of diseases, such as,cancer, pathological states, as well as for monitoring biomarker changesand protein profiling during life stages, clinical trials andtherapeutic treatments.

In another aspect of the invention, said polymer-BM composition can beutilized, for example, for the construction of direct sandwich, indirectsandwich, sequential and competition assays. The assays can be used foreither biomarker detection, as well as immunogenicity testing, forexample, anti-drug antibody detection.

In yet another aspect of the invention, at least one said polymer can beutilized to carry at least one polypeptide to a solid surface generatingvirtually no denaturation of the at least one polypeptide. The solidsurface can include nitrocellulose, paper, other membranes, glass,metal, a silica-containing device, plastic and the like, and can bepresented in a variety of forms, such as flat surfaces, such as, sheets,strips and so on, spheres, such as, particles, beads, and so on, and canbe used, for example, for the generation of plate microarrays, beadarrays, microarrays or nanoarrays. The bead micro/nanoarrays either canbe constructed through the attachment of multiple molecules, such as,polypeptides of a composition of interest on the same micro/nanoparticleor by having a bead carrying only one species of molecule, such as, apolypeptide of a composition of interest, and mixing beads as desired,wherein each bead carries a specific kind or species of molecule, suchas, a polypeptide. In addition to detection, the arrays and assays, suchas, bead micro/nanoarrays, also can be utilized for rapid, large-scale,high throughput separation of bioactive materials prior to analysis withprotein plate microarrays, 2D gels or mass spectrometers, for example.

As known in the art, assays can be presented in a number of formats,often based on, for example, the separation of reagents on a solid phaseand in a liquid phase, formation of molecular bridges and detectablereporter molecules. Hence, binding pairs can play a role in such assays,such as, antibodies, receptors, single-stranded nucleic acids, that maybind by base pairing or by other molecular interaction, such as, forminga triplex nucleic acid or an aptamer, and so on.

As known in the art, a binding pair reagent can be labeled with adetectable reporter, or the detectable reporter can be affixed toanother reagent, which can be a member of another binding pair, whichindirectly detects the target, for example, to the complex of the targetand the binding pair thereof or to the binding pair member bound to thetarget or to the target, for example. Thus, in some embodiments, twomembers of mutually exclusive binding pairs each bind the target to forma, “sandwich.” Often, one binding pair member is affixed to a solidphase and the other binding pair member may carry the reporter. In suchassays, signal level correlates directly with target amount.

In other embodiments, an assay can be configured where the target istasked with competing for binding to a site with a labeled ligand whichalso is bound by that site. The target and the ligand can be the same.It follows that in such competition assays, the greater the targetconcentration, the more likely a target will be bound at the site than alabeled ligand. Thus, in such competition assays, signal correlatesinversely with target concentration.

The particular configuration and the particular reagents used in anassay are a design choice based on methods known in the art, reagentsknown in the art and taught herein and the binding reactions thatprovide the mechanism of the assay.

As a binding pair comprises receptors, lectins, nucleic acids and so on,the reactants of an assay can comprise any such binding pair as a designchoice. Hence a binding pair can comprise a receptor and a hormone, alectin and a molecule comprising the cognate carbohydrate, complementarynucleic acids, nucleic acids that bind in a fashion similar to that ofan antibody, such as, an aptamer, and so on. A combination of differenttypes of binding pairs can be employed in an assay. For example, anucleic acid may bind a target complement thereof. The detecting nucleicacid comprises a nucleoprotein bound thereto. A solid phase may comprisean antibody which specifically binds the nucleoprotein, and so on.

The composites taught herein can be employed in such assays, forexample, the initiator can comprise a reporter molecule and B may be amember of a binding pair that directly or indirectly binds the target.

The polymer compositions of interest can be used as drug deliverydevices, which can provide bolus delivery, sustained release, delayedrelease, timed release, enteric coating and various otherpharmacological formulations of desired characteristics. Such compositemolecules may also be utilized as sensing components in various sensorplatforms including, but not limited to, optical, electrical andpiezoelectric devices, as well as in microfluidics, and inmicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems(NEMS).

The invention now will be exemplified in the following non-limitingexamples.

EXAMPLES Materials

All chemicals were available commercially, such as, methylacrylate (MA),ethylenediamine (EDA), piperazine, cyclen, tris(2-aminoethyl) amine(tren), oligomeric ethyleneimines, methyloxazoline, dimethylformamide(DMF), ethyloxazoline, morpholine, N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI),4-(aminomethyl)piperidine and dithiothreitol (DTT) were purchased fromSigma-Aldrich. Symmetrically and asymmetrically branched polymers wereprepared according to procedures provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,631,337;5,773,527; 5,631,329; 5,919,442; and 7,754,500. All of the antibodieswere purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Biodesign or Fitzgerald.

Polymer and Polymer Composite Size Measurement

The size of various polymers and polymer-BM compositions was measured bya size exclusion chromatography and a dynamic light scattering methodusing a Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS Zen3600 particle size analyzer.

Activity Testing

Metabolism in viable cells produces, “reducing equivalents,” such as,NADH or NADPH. Such reducing compounds pass electrons to an intermediateelectron transfer reagent that can reduce the tetrazolium product, MTS(Promega), into an aqueous, soluble formazan product, which is colored.At death, cells rapidly lose the ability to reduce tetrazolium products.The production of the colored formazan product, therefore, isproportional to the number of viable cells in culture. The CellTiter 96®AQueous system (Promega) is an MTS assay for determining the number ofviable cells in culture. A single reagent added directly to the culturewells at the recommended ratio of 20 μl reagent to 100 μl of culturemedium was used. Cells were incubated 1-4 hours at 37° C. and thenabsorbance was measured at 490 nm.

Thus, the cytotoxicity of various polymer-drug compositions of interest,along with commercially available drugs or their derivatives, was testedon different cancer cell lines (from ATCC) including, lung cancer celllines, H460 and A549, and breast cancer lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, atconcentrations ranging from 0.5 mg/mL to 2.5 ng/mL.

Drug-containing nanoparticles of interest comprising a branched polymer,such as, a POX polymer of interest and a PAA, were at least the same orwere more potent at killing cancer cells, particularly at low drugconcentrations, than PAA alone.

Synthesis of Alkyl-Modified Random (ran) Asymmetrically Branched (AB)Poly(2-ethyloxazoline) (PEOX) with Primary Amine Chain End Group

The synthesis of CH₃—(CH₂)-PEOX-ABP100 (ABP100 is an arbitrarydesignation to denote the ratio of asymmetrically branched polymer (ABP)monomer to initiator in the initial reaction mixture. Hence, in theabove, there is a 100:1 ratio of EOX to initiator. The followingsynthesis scheme is provided as a general procedure for the preparationof other compositions of interest.

A mixture of 1-bromooctadecane (CH₃(CH₂)₁₇Br) (2.52 g) in 500 ml oftoluene was azeotroped to remove water. 2-Ethyloxazoline (100 g) wasadded dropwise through an addition funnel and the mixture was allowed toreflux between 24 and 48 hours. On completion of polymerization, 12.12 gof EDA were added to the reactive polymer solution to introduce an aminefunctional group. The molar ratio of polyoxazoline chain end to EDA wasabout 1 to 20.

N-tert-butyloxycarbonylpiperazine (N-Boc-piperazine) or water (e.g.,with 1N Na₂CO₃) can be added to terminate the reaction. Morpholine alsocan be added to the polymer solution to terminate the reaction. Thecrude product was redissolved in methanol and then precipitated from alarge excess of diethyl ether. The bottom layer was redissolved inmethanol and dried by rotary evaporation and vacuum to yield anasymmetrically random branched PEOX polymer as a white solid (101 g).Other asymmetrically randomly branched polymers, such as, C₆-PEOX(using, for example, 1-bromohexane) ABP20, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 500,C₁₈-PEOX (using, for example, 1-bromooctadecane) ABP20, 50, 100, 200,300 or 500, C₂₂-PEOX (using, for example, 1-bromodocosane) ABP20, 50,100, 200, 300 or 500, etc., were prepared in a similar manner. All theproducts were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) andnuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Synthesis of Linear Poly (2-ethyloxazoline) (PEOX) with Primary AmineChain End Group

The synthesis of linear HPEOX100 (H is hydrogen) is provided as ageneral procedure for the preparation of linear POX with a primary aminechain end group. A mixture of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate(FW=190.22; 1.92 g) in 500 ml of toluene was azeotroped to remove water.2-Ethyloxazoline (100 g) was added dropwise through an addition funneland the mixture was allowed to reflux about 6 hours. On completion ofthe polymerization, 12.12 g of EDA were added to the reactive polymersolution to introduce an amine functional group. The molar ratio ofpolyoxazoline chain end to EDA was about 1 to 20.

N-tert-butyloxycarbonylpiperazine (N-Boc-piperazine) or water (e.g.,with 1N Na₂CO₃) can be added to terminate the reaction. Morpholine alsocan be added to the reactive polymer solution to terminate the reaction.The crude product was redissolved in methanol and then precipitated froma large excess of diethyl ether. The bottom layer was redissolved inmethanol and dried by rotary evaporation and vacuum to give anasymmetrically random branched PEOX polymer as a white solid (101 g).Other POX polymers, initiated by toluenesulfonic acid, such as, linearHPEOX 20, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 500, as well as those initiated by methyltosylate, such as, linear CH₃-PEOX 20, 50, 200, 300 or 500 etc., wereprepared in a similar manner. All the products were analyzed by SEC andNMR.

Synthesis of PEOX-Gemcitabine Composition

An EDA-terminated C₁₈PEOX100 polymer (see above) (1 gram) was dissolvedin 10 mL of methanol. Glycidol (15 mg) was added to the solution andmixed. The solution then was incubated at 40° C. for 2 hours. Theresulting polymer was extensively dialyzed against water and then driedusing a rotary evaporator. The dry polymer (0.93 g) was dissolved in 6mL of anhydrous DMF.

The polymer solution (2 mL) was mixed with 97 mg ofN,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. Theresultant product was precipitated by mixing the reaction mixture with220 mL of diethyl ether at 4° C. for 16 hours. After removing solvent,gemcitabine (41 mg) was added with 9 mL of water. Sodium carbonate (1 M,1 mL) was added and the resulting solution was incubated at 4° C. for 22hours. The resulting polymer-gemcitabine composition was purified bydialysis against water. Water then was removed with a rotary evaporator.The composite molecule was redissolved in 5 mL of water and then frozenat −70° C.

Testing H460 Lung Cell Survival Rate Following PEOX-Gemcitabine Exposure

H460 cells were suspended at 2000 cells/200 μL in RPMI-1640 mediumsupplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 IU/mL penicillin and 100μg/mL streptomycin. The cells were seeded in the wells of a 96-wellmicroplate. The microplate was incubated for 72 hours at 37° C. with 5%CO₂ in air. Thereafter, the culture medium was replaced with 100 μL offresh cell culture medium containing 0-10,000 ng/ml of gemcitabine orPEOX-gemcitabine composite with an equivalent amount of gemcitabine. Alltests were performed in triplicate. Cells were incubated for 72 hours at37° C. in 5% CO₂ in air. CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution CellProliferation Assay (20 μL) from Promega mixed with 100 μL of fresh cellculture medium were added to each well and the plate was incubated for 1hour at 37° C. The absorbance at 490 nm then was measured using a BioTekEPOCH ELISA plate reader.

Synthesis of PEOX-Camptothecin Composition

Camptothecin (3.48 mg) was added to 1 mL of methylene chloride. CDI(1.62 mg) was added to the mixture which then was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 hour. EDA-terminated C₁₈PEOX100 polymer (see above)(150 mg) was added and incubated at room temperature for 16 hours. Thesolvent was evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator. The resultantsolid was redissolved in 3 mL of water, mixed, then filtered through a0.8 μm syringe filter. The filtrate was frozen at −70° C. for at least 2hours in a lyophilization vial, then lyophilized overnight (˜16 hours).The ready-to-use white powder was stored at −70° C.

Testing MCF-7 Breast Cancer and H460 Lung Cell Survival Rate FollowingPEOX-Camptothecin Exposure

MCF-7 cells were suspended at a density of 6000 cells/200 μL of Eagle'sMinimum Essential Medium supplemented with 0.01 mg/mL bovine insulin,10% fetal bovine serum, 100 IU/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin.

H460 cells were suspended at 2000 cells/200 μL of RPMI-1640 mediumsupplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 IU/mL penicillin and 100μg/mL streptomycin.

The cells were seeded in the wells of a 96-well microplate. Themicroplate was incubated for 72 hours at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ in air.Thereafter, the culture medium was replaced with 100 μL of fresh cellculture medium containing 0-20 μM of camptothecin or PEOX-camptothecincomposite, with an equivalent amount of camptothecin. All tests wereperformed in triplicate. Cells were incubated for 72 hours at 37° C. in5% CO₂ in air. CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell ProliferationAssay (20 μL) was mixed with 100 μL of fresh cell culture medium andadded to each well and the plate was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. Theabsorbance at 490 nm then was measured using a BioTek EPOCH ELISA platereader.

LC-SPDP-PEOX-NH₂

To EDA-terminated HPEOX100 polymer, see above, (MW 20000, 20 mg or1×10⁻⁶ mol) in 200 uL of phosphate buffer (20 mM phosphate and 0.1 MNaCl, pH 7.5) were added 10×10⁻⁶ mol of sulfo-LC-SPDP (Thermo, Rockford,Ill.) in 400 μL of water. The mixture was vortexed and incubated at 30°C. for 30 minutes. The LC-SPDP-PEOX-NH₂ was purified by gel filtrationchromatography and equilibrated with buffer A (0.1 M phosphate, 0.1 MNaCl and 5 mM EDTA, pH 6.8). The product was concentrated further toyield 500 μL of solution with a concentration of approximately 1.8nmol/μL.

Preparation of Carboxyl End-Functionalized PEOX

To EDA-terminated H-PEOX100 polymer, see above, (MW 20000, 20 mg or1×10⁻⁶ mol) in 200 uL of methanol were added 1×10⁻⁵ mol of succinicanhydride (Sigma). The mixture was vortexed and incubated at 40° C. for120 minutes. The H-PEOX-COOH was purified by dialysis. The water wasevaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator.

Preparation of NHS End-Functionalized PEOX

To the carboxyl end-functionalized H-PEOX100 polymer prepared as taughtabove (MW 20000, 20 mg or 1×10⁻⁶ mol) in 200 uL of methylene chloridewere added 2×10⁻⁶ mol of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (Sigma) and2×10⁻⁶ mol of N-hydroxysuccinimide (Sigma), and the mixture wasincubated at room temperature for 6 hours. After filtration, thereaction mixture was precipitated into diethyl ether at 4° C. for 16hours. The solvent then was removed.

Preparation of PEOX/C-reactive Protein Composite

To C-reactive protein (Fitzgerald, Acton, MA, 2×10⁻⁷ mol) in 5 mL ofphosphate buffer (100 mM phosphate and 0.1 M NaCl, pH 7.2) were added1×10⁻⁶ mol of NHS end-functionalized PEOX polymer prepared as providedabove. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Thecomposite was fractionated on a CM cellulose column (5 ml) with a sodiumchloride step gradient in 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6. The compositewas eluted with a sodium chloride gradient and characterized by ionicexchange chromatography, UV spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis.

Thiolated PEOX-NH₂ from LC-SPDP-PEOX-NH₂

The LC-SPDP-HPEOX100-NH₂ as described above (50 nmol in 65 ml of bufferA) was mixed with 100 μL of DTT (50 mM in buffer A) and the mixture wasallowed to incubate at room temperature for 15 minutes. Excess DTT andbyproducts were then removed by gel filtration with buffer A. Theproduct was concentrated in a 10 K Centricon Concentrator to yield 450μL of thiolated PEOX-NH₂ that was used for joining withmaleimide-R-activated antibody made as described below.

Maleimide R (MAL-R)-activated Antibody

To antibody in PBS (310 μL, 5.1 mg or 34 nmol) were added 20.4 μL of aMAL-R-NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) solution (10 mM in water)(succinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-tetracosaethyleneglycol] esterpurchased from ThermoFisher). The mixture was vortexed and incubated at30° C. for 15 minutes. The product was purified by gel filtration withbuffer A. The maleimide-R-activated antibody was used for joining withthiolated compounds, such as, thiolated HPEOX100-NH₂.

HPEOX-Antibody Composition

To the thiolated HPEOX100-NH₂ prepared as taught above (350 μL or 35nmol) was added MAL-R-activated antibody (4.8 mL or 34 nmol). Thereaction mixture was concentrated to approximately 800 μL and allowed toincubate overnight at 4° C. or at room temperature for about 1 hr. Oncompletion, the reaction was quenched with 100 μL of ethyl maleimide (50mmolar solution) and the composition then was fractionated on a CMcellulose column (5 ml) with a sodium chloride step gradient in 20 mMphosphate buffer at pH 6. The composition was eluted with a sodiumchloride gradient and characterized by ionic exchange chromatography, UVspectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Reduction of Antibody

To antibody, 2.1 mg or 14 nmol in 160 μL of buffer B (containing 0.1 Msodium phosphate, 5 mM EDTA and 0.1 M NaCl, pH 6.0) were added 40 μL ofDTT (50 mM in buffer B). The solution was allowed to stand at roomtemperature for 30 min. The product was purified by gel filtration overa Sephadex G-25 column equilibrated with buffer B. The reduced antibodywas concentrated to 220 μL and was used for joining with othermolecules.

MAL-R-HPEOX

To EDA-terminated HPEOX in 400 μL (400×10⁻⁹ mols) at pH 7.4 were added400 μL of MAL-PEG₂₄-NHS (Quanta BioDesign, Powell, Ohio) (10 mM inwater). That was mixed and incubated at 30° C. for 15 min. Ontermination, the product was purified on a Sephadex G-25 columnequilibrated with buffer B. The MAL-R-PEOX was collected and stored inaliquots in the same buffer at 40° C.

HPEOX-Antibody Composition

To the reduced antibody described above (14 nmols in 220 μL) was addedthe MAL-R-HPEOX (154 μL, 16.6 nmols) with stirring. To that were added12.5 μL of sodium carbonate (1.0 M solution) to bring the pH to ˜6.8.The reaction was continued for 1 hr at room temperature. On completion,the reaction was quenched with 100 μL of cysteamine (0.4 mM solution)and the composition then was fractionated on a CM cellulose column (5ml) with a sodium chloride step gradient in 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH6. The composition was eluted with a sodium chloride gradient andcharacterized by ionic exchange chromatography, UV spectroscopy andpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Synthesis of Random Asymmetrically Branched PEOX-PAMAM-1 Copolymer

Random asymmetrically branched C₁₈-PEOX-100-NH₂ (MW=30,000), methylacrylate (MA, FW=86.09), ethylenediamine (EDA, FW=60.10),monoethanolamine (MEA, FW=61.08) and methanol were used.

To a round bottom flask were added 10.0 g C₁₈-PEOX-100-NH₂ and 100 mlmethanol (solution A). To a separate round bottom flask were added 86 mgmethylacrylate (MA) and 1 ml methanol (solution B). Solution A was thenslowly dropped into solution B while stirring at room temperature. Theresulting solution was allowed to react at 40° C. for 2 hours. Oncompletion of the reaction, the solvent and unreacted monomer, MA, wereremoved by rotary evaporation, and the product, MA functionalizedC_(B)-PEOX-100-NH₂, was then redissolved in 100 ml of methanol.

To a round bottom flask were added 5 g EDA and 50 ml of methanol,followed by a slow addition of MA-functionalized C₁₈-PEOx-100-NH₂ at 0°C. (1 g MA functionalized C₁₈-PEOX-100-NH₂ dissolved in 10 ml methanol).The solution was then allowed to react at 4° C. for 48 hours. Thesolvent and the excess EDA were removed by rotary evaporation. The crudeproduct was then precipitated from an ethyl ether solution, and furtherpurified by dialysis to give about 10.076 g random asymmetricallybranched PEOX-PAMAM-1.0 copolymer, the theoretical molecular weight isabout 30,228. The product was characterized by ¹H and ¹³C nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC).

Other polymers, such as, random asymmetrically branched PEOX-PAMAM-2(with 2 PAMAM layers and NH₂ as surface groups), ran-PEOX-PAMAM-3 (with3 PAMAM layers and NH₂ as surface groups), etc, were prepared byrepeating the above synthetic steps, for example, the addition of MA,followed by the reaction with a large excess of EDA. Alternatively,ran-PEOX-PAMAM-2 (OH) (with 2 PAMAM layers and OH as surface groups),and ran-PEOX-PAMAM-3 (OH) (with 3 PAMAM layers and OH as surface groups)and so on can be produced by repeating the above synthetic steps, forexample, the addition of MA, followed by reaction with a large excess ofMEA.

Additioinally, ran-PEOX-PAMAM-2 (NH₂/OH) (with 2 PAMAM layers and amixture of NH₂ and OH as surface groups), and ran-PEOX-PAMAM-3 (NH₂/OH)(with 3 PAMAM layers and NH₂/OH mix as surface groups) can be preparedby repeating the above synthetic steps, for example, the addition of MA,followed by reaction with a mixture of a large excess of EDA/MEA.

All references cited herein are herein incorporated by reference inentirety.

We claim:
 1. A functionalized polyoxazoline polymer, wherein saidpolymer comprises the formula:I_(n)-P-L-M-B, wherein I is an initiator, n≧1, P is a polyoxazolinepolymer, L is a first linker comprising at least two amine groups, atleast two imino (—NH—) groups or at least an amino group and an iminogroup, wherein said first linker is attached to said polymer by one ofsaid at least two amine groups, at least two imino (—NH—) groups or atleast an amino group and an imino group, M is a second linker and B is abioactive material.
 2. The polymer of claim 1, wherein said initiatorcomprises an alkyl, an aryl, an ester, an amide or a sulfur-containingcompound.
 3. The polymer of claim 1, wherein said initiator comprises abioactive material.
 4. The polymer of claim 3, wherein said bioactivematerial comprises a member of a binding pair (BP), a biologicallyactive molecule (BAM), or a pharmaceutically active agent (PAA).
 5. Thepolymer of claim 4, wherein said PAA is a small molecule drug or a largemolecule drug.
 6. The polymer of claim 5, wherein said large moleculedrug comprises a polypeptide or a polynucleotide.
 7. The polymer ofclaim 1, wherein said polymer comprise a poly (unsubstituted oxazoline)or a poly(substituted oxazoline)
 8. The polymer of claim 7, wherein saidpoly(substituted oxazoline) comprises a poly (2-methyloxazoline), a poly(2-ethyloxazoline), a poly (2-propyloxazoline), a poly(2-butyloxazoline) or a combination thereof.
 9. The polymer of claim 1,wherein said P comprises a linear, a star branched, a combbranched, adendrimer, a dendrigraft, a hyperbranched, a randomly branchedpolyoxazoline polymer, or a combination thereof.
 10. The polymer ofclaim 1, wherein said second linker M comprises a linear, a dendriticpolymer, a randomly branched polymer, or a combination thereof.
 11. Thepolymer of claim 5, wherein said small molecule drug comprises apaclitaxel, a gemcitabine, a camptothecin, or a combination thereof. 12.The polymer of claim 1, wherein said small molecule comprises an entireor a portion of ammonia, ethylenediamine, piperazine, cyclen, tren,4-(aminomethyl)piperidine, 1,3-diaminopropane,2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine), 1,11 -diamino-3,6,9-trioxaundecane,diethylenetriamine, hexamethylenediamine, triethylenetetramine ortris(2-aminoethyl)amine, 1,8-diaminooctane.
 13. The polymer of claim 1,wherein said first linker L is reacted with or modified by carbodiimide(CDI), a CDI-functionalized molecule, glycidol, succinic anhydride,acrylic ester, amidoamine, linear or branched polyamidoamine, acrylamideor an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-containing heterofunctional molecule.14. The polymer of claim 13, wherein said heterofunctional moleculecomprises an end which is activated with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) oran aldehyde functional group.
 15. The polymer of claim 1, wherein B islinked to M through a hydrolytically stable or unstable linkage.
 16. Thepolymer of claim 1, wherein B is physically mixed with said polymermodified with said linker or linkers.
 17. The polymer of claim 1, wheresaid initiator comprises ethyl bromoacetate, methyl bromoacetate,tert-butyl bromoacetate, propyl bromoacetate, benzyl bromoacetate, asulfur-containing compound, a silicon-containing compound or a protectedamine or imine.
 18. The polymer of claim 17, wherein saidsulfur-containing compound is 2-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)ethyl disulfide(TOEDS), (chloromethyl) methyl disulfide or bis(iodomethyl)methyldisulfide, 2-bromoethyl disulfide,
 19. The polymer of claim 17, whereinsaid silicon-containing compound is (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane,(3-bromopropyl)trimethoxysilane or (3-iodopropyl)trimethoxysilane. 20.The polymer of claim 17, wherein protected amine or imine is protectedwith a carboxybenzyl, a p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl, atert-butyloxycarbonyl or a 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC) group.21. The polymer of claim 3, where said bioactive material on saidinitiator or B comprises a targeting moiety.
 22. The polymer of claim21, wherein said targeting moiety comprises an antibody or anantigen-binding portion thereof.
 23. The polymer of claim 21, whereinthe other bioactive material comprises a PAA.
 24. A compositioncomprising the polymer of claim 4 and a detectable reporter.